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Genes
Nutrigenetics is the scientific field that studies the interactions between genes and factors related to nutritional processes, with the aim of prevention.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of genetic variation and are associated with a change in a DNA base at a genetic locus
- They represent a change in the DNA sequence
- Occur in the general population at a frequency greater than 1%
- They are responsible for 40-75% of the overall risk of obesity
Genes and Obesity
The FTO gene
Variants of the FTO (Fat mass and Obesity) gene, also known as the obesity gene, have been associated with body weight and BMI. In particular, the A allele of rs9939609 polymorphism has been associated with higher BMI, an increased risk of obesity, and higher adipose tissue and waist circumference when compared with the T allele.
The MC4R gene
The melanocortin-4 receptor gene (MC4R) is one of the most well-known genetic factors that have been linked to eating behavior and energy balance, resulting in an increased risk of obesity. In particular, the C allele of the rs17782313 polymorphism has also been associated with eating behavior traits such as overeating, increased BMI and increased risk for obesity.
FTO & Proteins
Research shows significant interactions between FTO rs9939609 and dietary protein intake on changes in food cravings.
Specifically, A allele was associated with greater reductions in food cravings in a high-protein dietary intake (P = 0.027) but was not associated with changes in food cravings in a low-protein dietary intake (P = 0.384). Huang et al, 2014
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Mean effect (± standard error) of FTO genotype rs9939609 on changes in appetite measurements over 6 months in response to dietary protein. Data included 84 (TT), 146 (TA) and 68 (AA) participants on a low-protein diet and 100 (TT), 154 (TA) and 57 (AA) participants on a high-protein diet for 6 months. Data were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, weight change and baseline values for the respective phenotypes. P = 0.05 was considered significant. App, appetite.
Nutrient-gene interactions
Personalised nutrition** combines genetic analysis with individual personal characteristics and lifestyle factors, which makes it more effective than conventional diet plans. Ordovas et al., 2018
MC4R & Eating Behaviors
The CC genotype of MC4R rs17782313 significantly interacts with eating behaviors to enhance the risk of obesity. Specifically, these eating behaviors comprised the desire for:
- Sweets
- Emotional eating
- Food consumption above satiety
- Consumption of junk food ≥1 time/week
- Fast food consumption
- Late night food consumption
- Off-table food consumption
- Consumption of food not due to hunger
- Eating standing up
- Eating with distraction
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